Photon Foundation for Publication and High Impact Research Journals
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The aim of this publication is to help policy-makers everywhere – particularly in settings with limited human and financial resources
The report combines an expert assessment including statistics relating to all countries.
The main purpose of the report is to provide countries, donor agencies, companies, international organizations and universities with the information they need to help them make policy and funding decisions. The report is also offered to a wider audience, from universities, teaching hospitals and schools, to journalists and the public at large - anyone, in fact, with a professional or personal interest in international issues e.g. arts, science, commerce, medical science, and engineering.
Photon
Photon is an elementary particle. It is quantum of light and all other forms of electromagnetic radiation. It is the force carrier for the electromagnetic force, even when static via virtual photons. The effects of this force are easily observable at the microscopic and at the macroscopic level, because the photon has zero rest mass. It allows long distance interactions to take place. Photons are currently best explained by quantum mechanics and exhibit wave–particle duality, exhibiting properties of waves and of particles. A single photon may be refracted by a lens or exhibit wave interference with itself, but also act as a particle giving a definite result when its position is measured. Waves and quanta, being two observable aspects of a single phenomenon cannot have their true nature described in terms of any mechanical model. A representation of this dual property of light, which assumes certain points on the wave front to be the seat of the energy is also impossible. Thus, the quanta in a light wave cannot be spatially localized.
Photonics
Photonics is the science of light (photon) generation, detection, and manipulation through emission, transmission, modulation, signal processing, switching, amplification, and detection/sensing.
Optoelectronics
Optoelectronics is the study (photo foundation) and application of electronic devices that source, detect and control light, usually considered a sub-field of photonics. In this context, light often includes invisible forms of radiation such as gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet and infrared, in addition to visible light.
Photon Energy
The photon energy is the energy carried by a single photon with a certain electromagnetic wavelength and frequency. The higher the photon's frequency, the higher its energy. Equally, the longer the photon's wavelength, the lower its energy.
Laser
A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation.
Photography
Photography is the science, art and practice of creating durable images by recording light or other electromagnetic radiation, either electronically by means of an image sensor, or chemically by means of a light-sensitive material such as photographic film.
Single-photon sources
Single-photon sources are light sources that emit light as single particles or photons. They are distinct from coherent light sources (lasers) and thermal light sources (such as incandescent light bulbs and mercury-vapor lamps). The Heisenberg uncertainty principle dictates that a state with an exact number of photons of a single frequency cannot be created. However, Fock states (or number states) can be studied for a system where the electric field amplitude is distributed over a narrow bandwidth. In this context, a single-photon source gives rise to an effectively one-photon number state. Photons from an ideal single-photon source exhibit quantum mechanical characteristics. These characteristics include photon antibunching, so that the time between two successive photons is never less than some minimum value.
Quantum optics
Quantum optics is a field of research that uses semi-classical and quantum-mechanical physics to investigate phenomena involving light and its interactions with matter at submicroscopic levels.
Solar energy
Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis. It is an important source of renewable energy and its technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and solar water heating to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air.
Telecommunication
Telecommunication occurs when the exchange of information between two or more entities (communication) includes the use of technology. Communication technology uses channels to transmit information (as electrical signals), either over a physical medium (such as signal cables), or in the form of electromagnetic waves. Online Prepaid Mobile Recharge is also possible by Easy Mobile Recharge, DTH & Data Card Recharge for Airtel, Vodafone, Idea, Aircel, Reliance, BSNL, Docomo, Tata Sky, U.S. Cellular, Verizon, T-Mobile, Sprint, AT&T, U.S. Cellular, Various Sprint T-Mobile
Scientists from low- and middle-income countries are increasingly engaged in these collaborations, although high-income countries continue to play a prominent role in most studies. China is one example: from 2000 to 2010 the global share of Chinese researchers as co-authors on published research increased from 5% to 13%. Brazil, India and other countries have also increased their participation in published research. However, although research is increasing overall, growth is uneven. PubMed comprises more than 25 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.
Syria is going to affect the EU economy in coming years. The EU countries are: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Republic of Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and the UK. The Group of Eight (G8) refers to the group of eight highly industrialized nations—France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, Japan, the United States, Canada, and Russia—that hold an annual meeting to foster consensus on global issues like economic growth and crisis management, global security, energy, and terrorism. The Group of Eight (currently known as Group of Seven) is a governmental political forum. It was originally formed by six leading industrial countries and subsequently extended with two additional members, one of which, Russia, is suspended Since 2014 in effect it comprises seven nations and the European Union.
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Q: How do I cite a Photon publication?
A: To cite Photon publications for which permission has already been received, the following standard credit line should be included in all cases.
Author name/s [individual or institutional], Full title of the publication [heading and subheading], Department name [if available], Publisher [Photon], date [month and year, as available], page number/s. Reprinted with the permission of Photon .
Q: How do I order publications from Photon Recharge?
A: Most materials are available online in PDF format at no charge. To conserve resources, limited number of items are available in print.
With resources and experience in more than 140 countries, Photon aims to serve as a catalyst for innovation. There are many innovators already at work in the classroom – whether that classroom is in a company, University, Research institute, College, school building, a community centre, a tent or under a tree.
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